Victor J. Vitanza
Jean-François Lyotard Chair and Professor of Rhetoric and Philosophy at The European Graduate School / EGS.
Biography
Victor J. Vitanza is a philosopher who specializes in rhetorics. He is not only Jean-François Lyotard Chair at the European Graduate School (EGS), but also a Professor of English and Rhetoric at Clemson University. Professor Vitanza obtained his B.A. from the University of Houston in English studies in 1967. He then went on to get his M.A., also in English studies, at the University of Houston. His master’s thesis was called The Image of the Abyss in Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe.
Victor Vitanza did his first doctorate in 1975 in English at Northern Illinois University and his dissertation was entitled The Dialectic of Perverseness in the Major Fiction of Edgar Allan Poe. Before getting a second doctorate, Vitanza did his postdoctorate studies in Rhetorical Theory at Carnegie-Mellon University between 1978 and 1979, his fellowship topic was Rhetorical Invention and the Composing Process. In 2003 Vitanza was granted a second Ph.D. (habilitation) from EGS after having worked for his Ph.D. with an impressive combination of scholars: Wolfgang Schirmacher, Alain Badiou and Giorgio Agamben. Vitanza’s doctoral dissertation was called Chaste Rape: Sexual Violence, Canon Formation, and Rhetorical Cultures. Additionally, he did a post-habilitation seminar with Jacques Derrida in Paris in April 2004, only a few months before Jacques Derrida’s death.
Professor Vitanza is also the Director of the PhD program at Clemson University in Rhetorics, Communications, and Information Design (RCID). Victor J. Vitanza is the Editor of PRE/TEXT: A Journal of Rhetorical Theory, and the Director of the PRE/TEXT Publishing Webwork. Over the years Professor Vitanza has accumulated several awards and honors, including one from the Research Network Forum (Dedicated Research Mentoring), Executive Committee, CCCC, in 2010. He also recieved the Kairos Award for the Best Webtext in 1999 and 2000.
Vitanza has tellingly qualified his work as follows:
I bring comic relief from what I see as the tragedy of ‘Philosophical Rhetoric’.
Internationally recognized as “the bad boy of American rhetoric”, Victor J. Vitanza brings together classical and modern rhetorical theory with contemporary French and Italian philosophy. In doing so, he brings into question the status of rhetoric as a discipline by opening an inquiry into its relation with composition and vice versa, how each is immanent to the other, and how this mutual relation opens the possibility for asking about the third interval, which is outside of both.
Through the deployment of various figures drawn from Giorgio Agamben, Jean-François Lyotard, Hélène Cixous, and several others, professor Vitanza attempts to find a space outside of the university where writing can (potentially) happen. In his essay Abandoned to Writing: Notes Toward Several Provocations, he makes the highly subversive claim that the university cannot teach one how to write: “Writing cannot be commanded in a teleological or means-directed way; it can only be listened to in the ‘unsubstantial territory’ of the third interval.” This attending to a call from a ‘somewhere’ which is outside is found through different paths, such as Martin Heidegger’s ‘impotentiality’ and Giorgio Agamben’s reading of ‘potentiality’ and ‘chora’ in both Aristotle and Martin Heidegger.
In the essay Two Gestures, While Waiting for a Third, Vitanza approaches the third term(s) through an analytic of economy–political, libidinal, discursive–as capitalism that moves from arestricted to general economy. This shift is fomented by a collapse in the power of negation, which “allow[s] for the return of the excluded third + body” (Vitanza, Two Gestures). Following Jean-François Lyotard’s characterization of Karl Marx (in Libidinal Economy) as hermaphroditic, at once “old man and young woman”, the collapse of negation opens up unlimited potentialities for “an exuberance of sexes: [M, F, Hermaphrodites, Merms, Ferms, etc.]” (Vitanza, Two Gestures). Professor Vitanza finds in this proliferation of sexes, which go beyond the distinction of genus and species, singularities of pure potentiality in which a community can emerge outside of the demands of a transcendental State.
Victor J. Vitanza has authored the following books: Chaste Rape. Chaste Rapeis as mentioned above Vitanza’s dissertation for the European Graduate School which is a reassessment of thinking, reading, writing about sexual violence (2003). An updated and extended version of a book that began with the dissertation project is now available entitled, Sexual Violence in Western Thought and Writing: Chaste Rape (2011). This book has been highly anticipated due to the length and depth of work that he has put into it over the past decade. Vitanza has also authored Writing for the World Wide Web, or W4(1997), Negation, Subjectivity, and The History of Rhetoric (1996).
Victor J. Vitanza is the author of many chapters in books, including: “‘Whatever Beings’: The Coming (Educational) Community” in: Patricia Sullivan and Pamela Takayoshi (Editors) Labor, Writing Technologies, And the Shaping of Competition in the Academy (2007), “A Mini-Jeremiad” in: Duane Roen (Editor) Views from the Center: The CCCC Chairs’ Addresses, 1977-2005 (2006), “Favorinus” in: Michelle Ballif and Michael G. Moran (Editors) Classical Rhetorics and Rhetoricians: Critical Studies and Sources (2005), “Two Gestures, While Waiting for a Third” in: Mark Bousquet and Katherine V. Wills (Editors) The Politics of Information (2004), “Aesthetics, Party Lines” in: James Berlin (Editor), Rhetorics, Poetics, and Cultures: Refiguring College English Studies (2003), “Seeing in Third Sophistic Ways” in: Gary A. Olson (Editor) Rhetoric and Composition as Intellectual Work (2002), “In Be Tween: Or, Writing on the Midway” in: Dene Grigar and John Barbar (Editors) New Worlds, New Words: Exploring Pathways for Writing about and in Electronic Environments (2001), “From Heuristic to Aleatory Procedures; or, Towards ‘Writing the Accident’” in: Maureen Daly Goggin (Editor) Inventing a Discipline: Rhetoric Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Young (2000), “James A. Berlin” in: Michael Moran and Michelle Ballif (Editors). 20th Century Rhetorics and Rhetoricians. Greenwood Press (2000).
Victor J. Vitanza is also the author of many articles, including: “Writing the TIC” in Kairos (2008). “Reading an Event after Patty and Jim” in Works and Days (2007). “Some Meditations-Ruminations on Cheryl Glenn’s Unspoken: A Rhetoric of Silence” in JAC (2008). “Abandoned to Writing: Notes Toward Several Provocations” in Enculturation (2003). “Year Zero: Faciality” in Kairos (2003). “Two Gestures, While Waiting for a Third” in TechnoCapitalism (2003). “Other of the Ear” in frAme: Journal of Culture and Technology (2001). “The Shaping Forces of Electronic Texts and Journals on Our Professional Work” in The Writing Instructor (2001). “Iterations with Victor Vitanza on MOOs: an interview on the theory of MOOs” and “MOOniversity: A Student’s Guide to Online Learning Environments” in Kairos (2000). “CompoZing comPLIcating Processes” in PRE/TEXT: Electra(Lite) (1999). “Potemkin-Repetition” in PRE/TEXT: Electra(Lite) (1999). “Rock and-or-not Roll, Rhythm, Noise, and Processual Mediating-Vibrating Technologies” in Enculturation: A Journal for Rhetoric, Writing, and Culture (1999). “‘The wasteland grows’; Or, What is ‘Cultural Studies for Composition’ and Why Must We Always Speak Good of It?” in JAC: A Journal of Composition Theory (1999). Interviews of Vitanza include: “Iterations with Victor Vitanza on MOOs: an interview on the theory of MOOs and MOOniversity: A Student’s Guide to Online Learning Environments” in Kairos 5.1 (2000). “Re/Inter/View of Negation, Subjectivity, and The History of Rhetoric” in PRE/TEXT-List (1997). “Interview with Victor J. Vitanza” Harper’s Magazine (1994).
Works
Books
Chaste Cinematics, Vitanza, Victor J.. Chaste Cinematics. Punctum Books, Forthcoming.
Sexual Violence in Western Thought and Writing: Chaste Rape, Vitanza, Victor J.. Sexual Violence in Western Thought and Writing: Chaste Rape. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. ISBN: 0230112838
Chaste Rape. Chaste Rape is a Reassessment of Thinking, Reading, Writing about Sexual Violence, Vitanza, Victor J.. “Chaste Rape. Chaste Rape is a Reassessment of Thinking, Reading, Writing about Sexual Violence.” PhD Diss.,European Graduate School, 2003
Writing for the World Wide Web, or W4, Vitanza, Victor J.. Writing for the World Wide Web, or W4. Prentice Hall, 1997. ISBN: 0205266932
Negation, Subjectivity, and The History of Rhetoric, Vitanza, Victor J.. Negation, Subjectivity, and The History of Rhetoric. State University of New York Press, 1996. ISBN: 079143124X
Chapters
Whatever Beings’: The Coming (Educational) Community
Vitanza, Victor J. “‘Whatever Beings’: The Coming (Educational) Community.” In Labor, Writing Technologies, And the Shaping of Competition in the Academy, edited by Patricia Sullivan and Pamela Takayoshi. Hampton Press, 2007. ISBN: 1572736674
A Mini-Jeremiad
Vitanza, Victor J. “A Mini-Jeremiad.” In Views from the Center: The CCCC Chairs’ Addresses, 1977-2005, edited by Duane Roen. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2006. ISBN: 0312438133
Favorinus
Vitanza, Victor J. “Favorinus.” In Classical Rhetorics and Rhetoricians: Critical Studies and Sources, edited by Michelle Ballif and Michael G. Mora. Praeger Publishers, 2005. ISBN: 0313321787
Diogenes of Sinope
Vitanza, Victor J., and Diane Davis. “Diogenes of Sinope.” In Classical Rhetorics and Rhetoricians: Critical Studies and Sources, edited by Michelle Ballif and Michael G. Moran. Praeger Publishers, 2005. ISBN: 0313321787
Two Gestures, While Waiting for a Third
Vitanza, Victor J. “Two Gestures, While Waiting for a Third.” In The Politics of Information, edited by Mark Bousquet and Katherine V. Wills. Alt-X, 2004.
Aesthetics, Party Lines
Vitanza, Victor J. “Aesthetics, Party Lines.” In Rhetorics, Poetics, and Cultures: Refiguring College English Studies, edited by James Berlin. Parlor Press, 2003. ISBN: 0972477284
Seeing in Third Sophistic Ways
Vitanza, Victor J. “Seeing in Third Sophistic Ways.” In Rhetoric and Composition as Intellectual Work, edited by Gary A. Olson. Southern Illinois University Press, 2002. ISBN: 0809324334
In Be Tween: Or, Writing on the Midway
Vitanza, Victor J. “In Be Tween: Or, Writing on the Midway.” In New Worlds, New Words: Exploring Pathways for Writing about and in Electronic Environments, edited by Dene Grigar and John Barbar. Hampton Press. 2001. ISBN: 1572733330
MOOs, Anarchitexture, Towards a New Threshold
Vitanza, Victor J. et al. “MOOs, Anarchitexture, Towards a New Threshold.” In The Emerging CyberCulture: Literacy, Paradigm, and Paradox, edited by Stephanie Gibson, Ollie Oviedo. Hampton Press, 2000. ISBN: 1572731958
From Heuristic to Aleatory Procedures; or, Towards ‘Writing the Accident’
Vitanza, Victor J. “From Heuristic to Aleatory Procedures; or, Towards ‘Writing the Accident’.” In Inventing a Discipline: Rhetoric Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Young, edited by Maureen Daly Goggin. NCTE, 2000. ISBN: 0814123759
James A. Berlin
Vitanza, Victor J. “James A. Berlin.” In 20th Century Rhetorics and Rhetoricians, edited by Michael Moran and Michelle Ballif. Greenwood Press, 2000. ISBN: 0313303916
Of MOOs, Folds, and Non-Reactionary Virtual Communities
Vitanza, Victor J. “Of MOOs, Folds, and Non-Reactionary Virtual Communities.” In High Wired: On the Design, Use, and Theory of Educational MOOs, edited by Cynthia Haynes and Jan Homlevik. University of Michigan Press, 1998. ISBN: 047206665X
Love, Lust, Rhetorics (from Double Binds to Intensities)
Vitanza, Victor J. “Love, Lust, Rhetorics (from Double Binds to Intensities).” In Living Rhetoric and Composition: Stories of the Discipline, edited by Duane Roen, Stewart Brown and Theresa Enos. Routledge, 1998. ISBN: 0805823727
Historiographies of Rhetoric
Vitanza, Victor J. “Historiographies of Rhetoric.” In Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition, edited by Theresa Enos. Routledge, 1996. ISBN: 0824072006
Logocentrism
Vitanza, Victor J. and Diane Mowery. “Logocentrism.” In Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition, edited by Theresa Enos. Routledge, 1996. ISBN: 0824072006
Editor’s Preface, Dedication, and Acknowledgement. (Dedication to Geo. Kennedy and K. Burke)
Vitanza, Victor J. “Editor’s Preface, Dedication, and Acknowledgement. (Dedication to Geo. Kennedy and K. Burke).” In Writing Histories of Rhetoric. Southern Illinois University Press, 1994. ISBN: 0809319020
Taking A-Count of a (Future-Anterior) History of Rhetoric as ‘Libidinalized Marxism’ (A PM Pastiche)
Vitanza, Victor J. “Taking A-Count of a (Future-Anterior) History of Rhetoric as ‘Libidinalized Marxism’ (A PM Pastiche).” In Writing Histories of Rhetoric. Southern Illinois University Press, 1994. ISBN: 0809319020
After/Word: Preparing to meet the faces that ‘we’ will have met
Vitanza, Victor J. “After/Word: Preparing to meet the faces that ‘we’ will have met.” In Writing Histories of Rhetoric.Southern Illinois University Press, 1994. ISBN: 0809319020
Historiographies of Rhetoric
Vitanza, Victor J. “Historiographies of Rhetoric.” In Encyclopedia of English Language Arts, edited by Alan C. Purves. Scholastic, 1994. ISBN: 0590492683
Concerning a Post-Classical Ethos, as Para/Rhetorical Ethics, the ‘Selphs,’ and the Excluded Third
Vitanza, Victor J. “Concerning a Post-Classical Ethos, as Para/Rhetorical Ethics, the ‘Selphs,’ and the Excluded Third.” In Ethos: New Essays in Rhetorical and Critical Theory, edited by James and Tita Baumlin. Southern Methodist University Press, 1994. ISBN: 0870743457
Threes
Vitanza, Victor J. “Threes.” In Composition in Context: Essays in Honor of Donald C. Stewart, edited by W. Ross Winterowd and Vincent Gillespie. Southern Illinois University Press, 1994. ISBN: 0809318628
Retrospective/Prospective
Vitanza, Victor J. “Retrospective/Prospective.” In PRE/TEXT: The First Decade. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993. ISBN: 0822937638
The Rudiments of the History of Rhetoric and the Rhetorics of History
Vitanza, Victor J. “The Rudiments of the History of Rhetoric and the Rhetorics of History.” In Rethinking the Rhetorical Tradition: Multidisciplinary Essays on the Rhetorical Tradition, edited by Takis Poulakos. Westview Press, 1993. ISBN: 0813318009
Three Countertheses: A Critical In(ter)vention into Composition Theories and Pedagogies
Vitanza, Victor J. “Three Countertheses: A Critical In(ter)vention into Composition Theories and Pedagogies.” In Contending With Words: Composition and Rhetoric in a Postmodern Era, edited by J. Schilb and P. Harkin. Modern Language Association, 1991. ISBN: 0873523881
Two Propositions: On the Hermeneutics of Suspicion and on Writing the History of Rhetoric
Vitanza, Victor J. “Two Propositions: On the Hermeneutics of Suspicion and on Writing the History of Rhetoric.” In Discourse Studies in Honor of James L. Kinneavy, edited by Rosalind J. Gabin. Studia Humanistica, 1989. ISBN: 0916379574
Invention, Serendipity, Catastrophe, and a Unified, Ironic Theory of Change: The Two Master and Two Mistress Tropes, with Attendant Offspring
Vitanza, Victor J. “Invention, Serendipity, Catastrophe, and a Unified, Ironic Theory of Change: The Two Master and Two Mistress Tropes, with Attendant Offspring.” In Visions of Rhetoric: History, Theory and Criticism, edited by Charles W. Kneupper. Rhetoric Society of America, 1987. ASIN: B001LYWTVC
Articles
Imagine A Re-Thinking of Historiographies (of Rhetorics) as Atemporal, Anachronistic Post-Cinematic Practices
Vitanza, Victor J. “Imagine A Re-Thinking of Historiographies (of Rhetorics) as Atemporal, Anachronistic Post-Cinematic Practices.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly Vol. 44, No. 3 (2014): 271-286.
“Writing the TIC,” and “From Gallery to Webtext,”
Vitanza, Victor J. “Writing the TIC,” and “From Gallery to Webtext.” Kairos Vol. 12, No. 3, Summer (2008).
Reading an Event after Patty and Jim
Vitanza, Victor J. “Reading an Event after Patty and Jim.” Works and Days 25 (2007): 129-134.
Some Meditations-Ruminations on Cheryl Glenn’s Unspoken: A Rhetoric of Silence
Vitanza, Victor J. “Some Meditations-Ruminations on Cheryl Glenn’s Unspoken: A Rhetoric of Silence.” JAC 34 (2008): 793-818.
Abandoned to Writing: Notes Toward Several Provocations
Vitanza, Victor J. “Abandoned to Writing: Notes Toward Several Provocations.” Enculturation: A Journal for Rhetoric, Writing, and Culture Vol. 5, No. 1 (2003).
Year Zero: Faciality’: Redux
Vitanza, Victor J. “Year Zero: Faciality’: Redux.” Kairos Vol. 8, No. 2, Fall (2003).
Other of the Ear
Vitanza, Victor J. “Other of the Ear.” frAme: Journal of Culture and Technology 5 (2001)
“Iterations with Victor Vitanza on MOOs: an interview on the theory of MOOs” and “MOOniversity: A Student’s Guide to Online Learning Environments”
Vitanza, Victor J. “Iterations with Victor Vitanza on MOOs: an interview on the theory of MOOs,” and “MOOniversity: A Student’s Guide to Online Learning Environments.” Kairos Vol. 5, No. 1 (2000).
CompoZing comPLIcating Processes
Vitanza, Victor J. “CompoZing comPLIcating Processes.” PRE/TEXT: Electra(Lite) Vol. 3, No. 01 (1999-2000).
Potemkin-Repetition
Vitanza, Victor J. “Potemkin-Repetition.” PRE/TEXT: Electra(Lite) Vol. 3, No. 01 (1999-2000).
Rock and-or-not Roll, Rhythm, Noise, and Processual Mediating-Vibrating Technologies
Vitanza, Victor J. “Rock and-or-not Roll, Rhythm, Noise, and Processual Mediating-Vibrating Technologies.” Enculturation: A Journal for Rhetoric, Writing, and Culture Vol. 2, No. 2, Spring (1999).
the wasteland grows’; Or, What is ‘Cultural Studies for Composition’ and Why Must We Always Speak Good of It?
Vitanza, Victor J. “‘the wasteland grows’; Or, What is ‘Cultural Studies for Composition’ and Why Must We Always Speak Good of It?” JAC: A Journal of Composition Theory Vol. 19, No. 4 (1999): 699-703.
The Hermeneutics of Abandonment
Vitanza, Victor J. “The Hermeneutics of Abandonment.” Parallax Vol. 4, No. 4 (1998): 123-139.
Electricity III
Vitanza, Victor J. “Electricity III.” PRETEXT: Electra(Lite) Vol. 1, No. 1 (1997).
Changing, with a paratheory of everything
Vitanza, Victor J. “Changing, with a paratheory of everything.” CWRL Vol. 3, No. 1 (1997).
Aesthetics, Party Lines
Vitanza, Victor J. “Aesthetics, Party Lines.” JAC: A Journal of Composition Theory Vol. 17, No. 3. (1997): 503-505.
Feminist Sophistic?
Vitanza, Victor J. “Feminist Sophistic?” JAC: A Journal of Composition Theory Vol. 15, No. 2 (1995): 321-349.
For Charles
Vitanza, Victor J. “For Charles.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly Vol. 22, No. 3, Summer (1992): 1-5.
Some More’ Notes, Toward a Third Sophistic
Vitanza, Victor J. “‘Some More’ Notes, Toward a Third Sophistic.” Argumentation 5 (1991): 117-139.
An Open Letter to My ‘Colligs’: On Paraethics, Pararhetorics, and the Hysterical Turn
Vitanza, Victor J. “An Open Letter to My ‘Colligs’: On Paraethics, Pararhetorics, and the Hysterical Turn.” PRE/TEXT Vol. 11, No. 3-4 (1990): 237-287.
What’s ‘at stake’ in the Gorgian Fragment on Seriousness/Laughter
Vitanza, Victor J. “What’s ‘at stake’ in the Gorgian Fragment on Seriousness/Laughter.” PRE/TEXT Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (1989): 107-114.
Cackling with Tears in My Eyes; or, Some Responses to ‘The Gang of Three’: Scott-Leff-Kennedy
Vitanza, Victor J. “Cackling with Tears in My Eyes; or, Some Responses to ‘The Gang of Three’: Scott-Leff-Kennedy.” Rhetoric Review Vol. 7, No. 1 (1988): 214-218.
The Politics of Historiography
Vitanza, Victor J. “The Politics of Historiography.” Rhetoric Review Vol. 7, No. 1 (1988): 5-49.
Critical Sub/Versions of the History of Philosophical Rhetoric
Vitanza, Victor J. “Critical Sub/Versions of the History of Philosophical Rhetoric.” Rhetoric Review Vol. 6, No. 1 (1987): 41-66.
Notes’ Towards Historiographies of Rhetorics; or, The Rhetorics of the Histories of Rhetorics: Traditional, Revisionary, and Sub/Versive
Vitanza, Victor J. “‘Notes’ Towards Historiographies of Rhetorics; or, The Rhetorics of the Histories of Rhetorics: Traditional, Revisionary, and Sub/Versive.” PRE/TEXT Vol. 8, No. 1-2, Spring-Summer (1987): 63-125.
Rhetoric’s Past and Future: A Conversation with Edward P. J. Corbett
Vitanza, Victor J. “Rhetoric’s Past and Future: A Conversation with Edward P. J. Corbett.” PRE/TEXT Vol. 8, No. 3-4, Fall-Winter (1987): 247-264.
A Comment on ‘Protocols, Retrospective Reports, and the Stream of Consciousness’
Vitanza, Victor J. “A Comment on ‘Protocols, Retrospective Reports, and the Stream of Consciousness.” College English. National Council of Teachers of English Vol. 49, No. 8 (1987): 926-928.
KB X 2: Preface 9
Vitanza, Victor J. “KB X 2: Preface 9.” PRE/TEXT Vol. 6, No. 3-4 (1985): 121-129.
A Mal-Lingering Thought (Tragic-Comedic) About KB’s Visit
Vitanza, Victor J. “A Mal-Lingering Thought (Tragic-Comedic) About KB’s Visit.” PRE/TEXT Vol. 6, No. 3-4 (1985): 163-167.
Rhetoric, Cookery, and Recipes: Preface 2
Vitanza, Victor J. “Rhetoric, Cookery, and Recipes: Preface 2.” PRE/TEXT Vol. I, No. 1-2 (1980): 204-214.
A Tagmemic Organizational Heuristic for the Whole Composition
Vitanza, Victor J. “A Tagmemic Organizational Heuristic for the Whole Composition.” College Composition and Communication 30 (1979): 270-274.
The Question of Poe’s Narrators’: Perverseness Considered Once Again
Vitanza, Victor J. “‘The Question of Poe’s Narrators’: Perverseness Considered Once Again.” American Transcendental Quarterly: A Journal of New England Writers 38 (1978): 137-149.
Teaching a Senior Seminar in the Analysis of Prose Style
Vitanza, Victor J. “Teaching a Senior Seminar in the Analysis of Prose Style.” College English Association Forum 8, April (1978): 7-8.
A Comprehensive Survey of Course Offerings in the Study of Literary Style in American Colleges and Universities
Vitanza, Victor J. “A Comprehensive Survey of Course Offerings in the Study of Literary Style in American Colleges and Universities.” Style Vol. 12, No. 1, Fall (1978).
The Novelist as Topologist: John Barth’s Lost in the Funhouse
Vitanza, Victor J. “The Novelist as Topologist: John Barth’s Lost in the Funhouse.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language Vol. 19, No. 1 (1977): 83-97.
Melville’s Redburn and Emerson’s ‘General Education of the Eye’
Vitanza, Victor J. “Melville’s Redburn and Emerson’s ‘General Education of the Eye.” Emerson Society Quarterly 21 (1975): 40-45.
Vitanza, Victor J. “Edgar Allan Poe’s The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym: An Anatomy of Perverseness.” Etudes Anglaises Vol. 27, No. 1 (1974): 26-37.